The weld symbol specifies the type of weld to be applied to a part. Here is a reference to use for the letters. Is the Weld Size at the Faying Surfaces Figure 10-31 Welding Symbol Example for a Spot or Projection Weld 166 Chapter 10 M10_CORG3839_02_SE_C10. These welds can be applied on varying angles but this would be the most prominent. tensile, compression, bending, torsion, and shear. Reducing the weld time expedites the fabrication process. Additional information on the specifics of the stud is provided, as necessary, by other. The welding crown in T-joints should reduce stress concentration around the. Lists the staggered annotation symbol options for the weld symbol. The welder moves the torch back and forth across the width of the metal being welded. An example is a tee joint (see below) where the fillet increments that are in one line are. The groove can go on each side of the reference line or both, depending on the specifics. Weld symbols. The weld dimension is indicated in the parentheses to the left of the weld symbol. Groove Welding Symbols. Advanced Welding Symbols M10_CORG3839_02_SE_C10. The predominant way of doing this is either using the symbols from ISO 2553, which is common in Europe, or AWS D1. Figure 21 — Examples of resistance spot welds and seam welds. penetration groove welds, the required weld size, as de-fined in this code. Seam Welding. 5. seam weLds. The Arrow Some common types of weld symbols include fillet, groove, plug, slot, and seam welds. When the exposed surface of one member of a resistance seam welded joint is to be flush, that surface. "Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. Many of the properties are available both above and below the weld symbol line. A plug weld, also known as a rosette weld, is a process that fuses two metals together by making a weld inside small circular holes. Weld Symbols. See full list on weldzone. Fillet welds, being the least expensive and easiest weld type, are the preferred and most common weld type for HSS connections. An . Burn through the metal decking and burn into the steel framing. In UK, weld sizes are given by fillet weld throat size (a) mostly. – list seven types of weld grooves. In contrast, a welding symbol is the complete information package the designer wants to relay to the welder. Welding cannot take its proper place as a fabricating tool unless means are provided for conveying the information fromOther types of welds can not miss in this list include groove welds, surface welds, plug welds, slot welds, flat welds, seam welds, spot welds, upset welds. At the end of the reference line, a straight or wavy line is used to represent a seam weld. (2) Dimensions of resistance seam welds may be shown. Some minor differences are the locations of the finish and contour symbols and the field flag symbol. 3-17) to show that the exposed surface of one member of the joint is to be flush. %PDF-1. Placement or orientation of the weld. The design of fillet welds in structural steel buildings in the US is governed by AISC 360‐10 Table J2. Welding symbols can therefore specify the welding without including all of the many possible details within the symbols. Prepare the joint by beveling the edges of the metal to be joined at a 45 degree angle. Butt Joint – J groove. Structural steel and sheet metal are the usual starting materials for. tion. Weld symbols on the full reference line relates to welds on the arrow side of the plate being welded. e. Blueprints or drawing of final products are provided to worker or welders before the welding jobs starts. The following figure shoes the various commonly used weld symbols used in the industry. F. Finish symbols used here indicate the method of finishing (” c” = chiping, “G” = grinding, “H” = hammering, “M” = machining), not the degree of finish. A shop standard for this purpose will establish the details that apply to all normal or standard joints. Figure 8 Flare Bevel Groove. Unless. 3-17). Left is the value to display to the left of the weld symbol. Overlap in Welding is a welding defect that occurs at the toes of a weld and consists of weld metal that has overflowed onto the base metal surface without actually fusing to the latter. e. It has three parts: The arrow line: points to the general location of the weld. 1793” all the way to the smallest which. 3 %Äåòåë§ó ÐÄÆ 4 0 obj /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x Å›[sÛÆ Çßñ)ö‘ìD0v±X ‰lOÝiS'ÒŒ 긪Ü*• [NêäÛ÷wö ‚¦lÅ ÃÁݳçú? ~P?¨ J ù¿jê¼vªvþr ^©wêÉùG®>ªÂÿùxÅÛEnl¸— ´…ªÍk“]Ý©ï. You can use the Weld Symbol tool to add weld symbols to assemblies, drawings, vertices, and edges or faces of parts. 3-2) represents the weld symbol on drawings. Fewer errors are a benefit of this approach. General Notes. - Is at the end of the reference line. The theory behind the single groove weld and double groove weld. The welding crown in T-joints should reduce stress concentration around the. Tail: This is used to provide additional but important data as wells as information needed to complete the weld. Single Bevel Groove Weld with Broad Root Face. The aim of the design was defeated due to the location of the seal welds. They can produce higher-quality work more quickly due to it. The sys- tem for symbolic representation of welds on engineering drawings used in this. Welding symbols can therefore specify the welding without including all of the many possible details within the symbols. The final portion of this example is creating drawings of our frames for. Symbol Number of welds Back Welding Symbol Back weld 2nd operation 1st operation Stud Welding Symbol Size (d'ameter of hole. A DHV seam is welded from both sides and the roots meet. Welding Symbols:. This is the reason there are several types of groove welding symbols. This is shown to the left of the symbol just as it is shown in plug welds. A weld symbol is a graphic that indicates the details of the. Refer to figure 6-29 below for an example of a seam weld. ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS Fillet Weld Plug / Slot Weld. Arc and Gas Weld Symbols. Edge joint: This is created when the edges of two flat surfaces are aligned. 414 x throat leg. It can be isolated, intermittent, or continuous. The design of fillet welds in structural steel buildings in the US is governed by AISC 360‐10 Table J2. It will be consumed. 1, Clause 4. Butt weld is considered to be the simplest and most basic weld joint design. U ÞŒ—Ë;õä¹Î ¥Õå[µQ[uù³zvÉ®,ldaíÿ°p« ¶/ ªÖªº¶ $¼ýÓŽÀ›¢(wdº¼Q‰Ê—×÷W×ï ýíÍ. Older drawings may denote a field weld by a filled black circle at the junction between the arrow and reference line. † Spot and seam welds—the ability to desi gnate size or strength by placing a value to the left of the weld symbol has been modified. The arrow between two points indicates the full-length welding between the. 0-49 Standard Welding Terms and Their Definitions; A3. The weld symbol always includes. . A seam weld is a type of welding process that joins two pieces of metal along a continuous weld seam or joint. Back gouge. (Image via weldingsuppliesfromioc. Peripheral. This article is an excerpt from an online presentation provided by Miller Electric Mfg. 2, is then added to the elementary symbol. Nowadays, dual reference lines are avoided even to show the arrow side or other side. 2. The welds, themselves, introduced residual stresses. A symbol. – list the five major types of joints. Burn through the metal decking and burn into the steel framing. Make a circular motion with the weld rod and make the molten metal flow outwards from the center. Laser seam welding: A high-power laser is focused on the seam to melt and fuse the metal parts. You can add or remove a Jog Point to a Welding Symbol leader while in the Welding Symbol tool. 3 arrow line leader line used to indicate the joint that is to be welded generally drawn at 135° to the reference line Note 1 to entry: See 4. 4. Other Side. Select an existing leaderline. The reference line is connected to the arrow line and weld symbols are placed on it. The edge weld symbol is in the shape of two rectangles that illustrate the edges of pieces. The arrow and leader line point to the joint in question, while the weld symbol tells you what type of weld to do. This is because copper alloys with aluminum, resulting in much faster deterioration of the electrode. You can use the Weld Symbol tool to add weld symbols to assemblies, drawings, vertices, and edges or faces of parts. Welding unable bear its proper place as einen engineering tool unless means will supplied for transporting the information free the designer to the workmen. Table 3 contains details of all supplementary symbols. 2. Weld symbols pictorially represent the type of weld that the welding symbol is identifying. There are four basic steps in welding a corner weld: 1. Keep a steady speed to ensure the weld is of even depth throughout. Spot or projection welding. "Weld-all-around" symbol. ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS Edge Weld Surfacing. An example of each type of weld surface application is given in Table 33. The weld symbol and welding symbols were developed by the American Welding Society and are standard across the United States. This indicates that on a part that a weld could be completed around an entire joint. using the designations for each process separated by the symbol “+”. )Seam welding (Figure 10. Single J Groove Weld Backing Weld. This number will go to the left of the welding symbol. 5. Common uses include sheet metal. A weld symbol representing the parameters you specify is created automatically when you: Create a weld bead component in an assembly. Welding Symbols The following weld symbols are commonly used (AWS [1]). CJP weld joint must be significant identified on the welding drawing. The symbol will not show a diameter symbol before the size however. This is the reason there are several types of groove welding symbols. Fig. Back to the original question stated on this thread title: a fillet weld is applied to weld the joint while a seal weld is done to prevent leakage from the existing connection, usually a screwed connection. Resistance seam weld symbols must be centered on the reference line. The Base Platform This symbol is a simple platform for displaying the characteristics and surrounding details for your welds. The welding current is either pulsed to give a series of discrete spots, or continuous for. Numbers can be used to specify the depth of penetration or length of the edge weld and spacing in case multiple shorter welds are used. Example 1 (top left side) in the below picture shows the welding symbol for single fare bevel weld. D – F D. The size of the weld will be the slot width instead. Double-click an existing weld symbol, or right-click the symbol and select Properties. Square. Reference line Arrow Basic weld symbols Dimensions and other data Supplementary symbols Finish Symbols Tail Specification, Process or other references. A spot weld is a weld made by arc spot or resistance spot welding where the welding process is not specified. This engineering drawing shows different types of geometry of butt welds. Basic weld symbol or derail reference. Welds cannot bear inherent proper places as any engineering tool unless means are available for conveying the information after the designer to the workmen. Fillet welds are one of the most common weld types in the industry. The reference line: this is where the details are placed about the type of weld and the specific location. the increment of the welds at the end of the joint should be increased to terminate the weld at the end of the joint. So, Weld Symbol supplements a Welding Symbol to provide full details about the welding requirements. Weld symbols attached to the dashed line are "other-side. HV-seam and DHV-seam. Welding cannot get sein proper place such an civil tool unless means are provided forward conveying the information from aforementioned designer to the workmen. A current is passed while the electrodes are rotated, and the heat generated by electrical resistance joins the weld materials continuously. Weave beads: Weave beads are often used for welding thicker metals together. Weld symbols on the dashed line relates to weld on the far side of the plate. A seam weld is created through fusion. 1. seam welds Extent of seam weld. Examples are in U. 5) • Beam copes and weld access holes (J1. 6. – identify the major parts of a welding symbol. A fillet weld symbol can be used with an arrow side (below. This gauge is a system used in order to call out sheet metal similar to that of electricians and wire. Welding Process: Starting at one end of the joint, create a consistent, even weld along the seam. Simpler welding symbols are easier to add to a drawing and to interpret. Groove Radius-This pertains specifically to J or U groove welds as these have a radius most commonly specific by machining. Common weld types are fillet and groove. 3-3) is used in conjunction with the spot and seam symbols (fig. ISO 2553 - welding symbols. Steels with yield strengths between 36 ksi to 60 ksi are generally welded using E70 electrodes (70 ksi strength). a plate of 1/8 inches thickness made with a Square Groove Weld will have a weld size (s-throat size) of 1/8 inches. As noted above the number to the right of the diagonal line of the fillet symbol is the. A seam welding symbol is similar to other welding symbols but the welding process has to be specified in the tail section. A reference line 3. Basic Welding Symbols. 3. Figure 3-55 shows an example of how a welding symbol may appear on a drawing. is never used without a weld symbol. Within or close to the symbol is information on the weld size and length. See the example below, the flush contour symbol is used in conjunction with the spot and seam symbols to show that the exposed surface of one member of the joint is to be flush. Fusion Symbols – Types, Example Diagrams & Free PDF Charts. LLC, Appleton, WI; Welds specified on engineering and fabrication drawings feature a cryptic set of symbols used as a sort of shorthand for describing the type of weld, its size and other processing. This option centers the seam symbol vertically on the reference line. All single groove welds should be considered complete joint penetration (CJP) unless otherwise specified. Welder’s Leader to Welding Symbols. Another style, resistance seam welding (RSEW) used in commercial manufacturing, applies a series of tight welds while feeding materials through electrode wheels. Jawad. Welding symbols on drawings. 168 CHAPTER 10 STUD WELDS The basic information for stud welds is given in the welding symbol shown in Figure 10-34. The Arrow. See the weld map example below; this Welding Map example includes nine welds of pressure vessels. A Norton Blaze Rapid Strip disc and competitors' discs were used to remove a TIG weld on flanged isolation dampeners at MC Air Filtration LTD. For example, if we use seam welding to weld aluminum, then copper electrodes are often avoided. This term infers a resistance spot weld. 2 1 Change the ‘Default’ mode to ‘Without Preparation Mode’ 1 2 Click the ‘Single V Butt weld’ tool. The arrow’s tail is connected to the reference line, indicating the joint to be welded. For example, if you are welding square tube you might be tempted to tack weld each corner one after the other. Arrow connecting reference line to arrow side member of joint or arrow side of joint. Arc spot and arc seam welds. Welding Symbols consist of symbols for different types of. Is the Weld Size at the Faying Surfaces Figure 10-31 Welding Symbol Example for a Spot or Projection Weld 166 Chapter 10 M10_CORG3839_02_SE_C10. The sidewall – connection between the welding seam and the base material is called – ‘z’. In welding symbols, the arrow points to one side of the joint known as the arrow side of. April 8, 2020. You can select the flag type, the weld type, along with options to flip from left to right. 8 Common Weld Symbols. Interaction between fillet welds with different loading angles. The size of arc spot welds must be designated as the diameter of the weld. 4:2007 is the third revision of the 1986 document and has the same ttle, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, ‘This edition has undergone extensive formatting modifications which have introduced new features including a scope, ‘omative and informative references, and figures located closer tothe. The mesh-based seam welding also supports intermittent seam welds where the user can add additional parameters to control the properties. The weld often is used on sheet metal and makes the weld even stronger when you lay it on both sides. dimensions and other data, 5. Hello, I'm new to this forum. 4(a), which is for a linear weld group (i. Incomplete fusion is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Instead of using an arrow and saying ‘weld here’, a weld symbol. Recognize the sizes and angles needed for the job. In this particular example, any weld (including an intermittent weld) may have created a poor fatigue detail. In total, this eighth edition marks a sizable revision, and its notable changes include: The standard now details usage for flare groove welds. -Eye protection devices. Resistance seam welding is used for joining two sheets of metal together: In laser seam welding, the part to be welded is moved or rotated under the laser focus head allowing laser spot welds to overlap. indd 167. The fillet weld symbol is one of the most widely used symbols and the shape placed on the reference line to indicate a fillet weld is a triangle that resembles the side profile of a fillet weld. txt) or view presentation slides online. It also means less filler metal is used, which saves money, and the weld is usually completed in less time than if it was continuous. The ability to designate size or strength by placing a value to the left of a spot and seam welds weld symbol has been modified. It includes the weld-all-around symbol, which designates a continuous weld around a series of joints, and the weld between two points symbol. Importantly, in a butt joint, the surfaces of the workpieces being joined are on the same plane and weld metal remains within the planes of the surfaces. The current passed through this region generates heat due to high electrical resistance. 1. Welding Symbols & Dictionary. Other variations exist as well - for example, double-V preparation joints are characterized by the two pieces of material each. A seam welding symbol is similar to other welding symbols but the welding process has to be specified in the tail section. 10. The Reference line divides the symbol into the Arrow Side and the Other Side. This element is used to pinpoint the exact location of the. U ÞŒ—Ë;õä¹Î ¥Õå[µQ[uù³zvÉ®,ldaíÿ°p« ¶/ ªÖªº¶ $¼ýÓŽÀ\›¢(wdº¼Q‰Ê—×÷W×ï ýíÍ. Module 3: Weld Symbols: Groove, Fillet, Plug and Slot Welds. Welding Methods. Simpler welding symbols are easier to add to a drawing and to interpret. A reference line 3. The dimension to the left of the weld symbol will only designate the size of the weld. 3. Overall, there are three different possible positions for a weld symbol in the welding symbol: If the weld symbol is on the bottom side, the. Joint Root Examples. This allows for precision welding of thin metal sheets. 3-3) indicates the desired type of weld. Seam weld size is placed on the. A welding symbol has three parts: Reference line: this is the main part of the symbol and it's function is to carry or provide all the information on the weld to be made. This technique allows for welding of dissimilar metals. AWS A2. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126 AWS A2. The Basic ISO Welding Symbol. Single J Groove Weld Backing Weld. High welding heat input. 4:2007 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute March 23, 20077. This standard includes some very detailed weld symbols, because it has to acco-modate welding for a wide variety of materials, not just structural steel. 25”, is . For example, root opening is a standard term and gap is a nonstandard term, but both mean the same thing. 22 Resistance seam welding 221 Lap seam welding 222 Mash seam welding 223 Prep-lap seam welding 224 Wire seam welding. Joint Root Examples. Table 33. [SO 2580-E 51 2 RR 22 Mustrotion 1SO 2553:1992(E) 8 Examples for application of spot and seam joints In the case of seam and spot joints (welded, brazed or soldered), joints are made al the interface be- tween the two lapped parts or by meltthrough of. Seam Weld. When fabricating structures or pipe systems, a butt weld is often employed as the junction of choice. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. Two metal pieces are welded together at their joined edges to produce the. An arrow line 2. The welding symbol (fig. Weld Map Symbols. finish symbols, 7. This dimension is shown in degrees above or below the welding symbol depending on if it is arrow side or other side designation. drawing as flat, convex or concave and a supplementary symbol, shown in Table 33. The software supports ANSI, ISO, GOST, and JIS weld symbol libraries. In contrast, a welding symbol is the complete information package the designer wants to relay to the welder. The engineering drawing example Welding symbols is included in the Mechanical Engineering solution from Engineering area of ConceptDraw Solution Park. c. This is a dynamic block for AutoCAD that allows you to select from multiple common welding symbols so you can add them with ease to your drawing. Welding symbols 3 Spot and seam welds, surfacing, and steep flanked butt welds. For example, the flush contour symbol (fig. Double-click an existing weld symbol, or right-click the symbol and select Properties. 59 8. The throat size ‘a’ size is calculated from the previous corner of the workpiece before welding until the 45° created middle of the welding seam. A stitch weld or Intermittent weld consists of a weld symbol (e. The first one is the most commonly used in drawings and later one can be used to convey additional information about a weld. weld symbol is to specify the required strength of the joint required. The lap weld symbol is very easy to read. A groove weld will be used when to parts come together in the same plane. 1 (a–h). Which type of weld occurs on both sides of a joint, with weld increments on one side alternated with respect to those on the other side?It is a form of a corner joint where the butting part has a flanged edge shape at the weld joint. Figure 5. Select the faces as shown in the ‘Assistant 3 Viewer’ and click OK. The excess root penetration or excess weld face reinforcement is not considered for a Square Groove Weld Size. Below is a comprehensive list of what one can expect to see on a welding symbol, as well as an example image and list of options for each aspect of the welding symbol. Resistance seam welding is an adaptation of spot welding that uses motor-driven wheels instead of stationary rods for the welding electrodes. Weld-all-around symbol. A seal weld, as the name suggests, is a type of weld used to create a completely leak-proof seal in a joint. 3. EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION Welding on the Arrow Side Arrow Side Other Side. A Welding Symbol is partial without a Weld Symbol. The assembled welding symbol consists of the following eight elements, or such of these elements as necessary. As depicted with illustrations, AWS A2. 6 Surface conditions. ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS Spot Weld Seam Weld. Spacer – This symbol indicates the type and the dimension of the spacer that is inserted between the welded pieces. 1 below that shows a typical example of a fillet weld. Customary units. ELEMENTARY WELD SYMBOLS Single Bevel Groove Weld Single V Groove Weld with Broad Root Face. 2. 1. tail and. A fillet weld, on the other hand, is a type of welding in which two pieces of metal are joined together by welding along the edge of the metal, creating a fillet-shaped weld. Resistance seam weld – The spot welding of seam shows two parallel lines through a circle giving a depiction of seam weld with a length like a slot shape. actual throat. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area. Corner joint: Much like a tee joint, but the two pieces form an ‘L’ shape. Stagger is the value to display to the right of the stagger. Examples of elementary welding symbols – 2. Resistance Seam Weld Symbol. Fillet welds that are to be made flat-faced by mechanical means must be shown by adding both the flush contour symbol and the user’s standard finish symbol to the weld symbol. Lap welds connect two pieces of metal when one partly lays upon the other or they meet at right angles. Reducing the weld time expedites the fabrication process. An alternative designation method is presented which can be used to represent welded joints on drawings by specifying essential design information such as weld dimensions, quality level, etc. THE HEAD ARROW. In the welding blueprint, the symbols also indicate the angle of the welds and root face dimensions. 1/2” width slot weld. basic weld symbols, 4. The arrangement of the symbols and notes on the horizontal line are exactly as shown regardless of which end of the horizontal line the indicating arrow is located. You can use the Weld Symbol tool to add weld symbols to assemblies, drawings, vertices, and edges or faces of parts. Weld symbols attached to the dashed line are "other-side. If the welds are symmetrical on both sides of the plate the dashed line is omitted. System A ISO 2553 basic welding symbol. Even though edge welds can join multiple edges, the symbols still stay the same. A: Angle of Countersink. 1 Form. 3 %Äåòåë§ó ÐÄÆ 4 0 obj /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream x Å›[sÛÆ Çßñ)ö‘ìD0v±X ‰lOÝiS'ÒŒ 긪Ü*• [NêäÛ÷wö ‚¦lÅ ÃÁݳçú? ~P?¨ J ù¿jê¼vªvþr ^©wêÉùG®>ªÂÿùxÅÛEnl¸— ´…ªÍk“]Ý©ï. A shop standard for this purpose will establish the details that apply to all normal or standard joints. 2. Resistance spot, resistance seam, flash, and upset weld symbols shall be centered on the reference line (fig. Let’s break down the components of the stitch welding symbol: Arrow: The stitch welding symbol begins with an arrow, which points to the location where the stitch welds are to be applied. Detail drawings shall clearly indi-cate by welding symbols or sketches the details ofResistance spot weld – The symbol is a circle similar to the shape of any spot weld. 6) • Welds in combination with bolts (J1. A seam weld can be defined as the joining of two similar or dissimilar materials at the seam. The arrow is the part that specifies the location of welding at one end and is connected to the reference line in the other. Resistance welding is widely used and comprises spot, projection, seam, butt, and flash welding operations. Making a line of overlapping spot welds ensures leak tightness. Refer to figure 6-29 below for an example of a seam weld. For example, an E60 electrode will have a strength of 60 kips (1000 pounds) per square inch. DEFECT: A discontinuity or discontinuities which, by nature or accumulated effect (for example, total crack length), render a part or product unable to meet the minimum applicable acceptance. The advantages of symbols 5 f3 Welding symbols 1 Butt/groove welds The butt/groove welding symbols are shown in Fig. So given this clause and looking at the symbol it looks like they may have used a "basic symbol" and have just designated that the weld must be flat. Pull the weld rod out of the puddle when the puddle is about ¾ of an inch in diameter. These welds can be applied on varying angles but this would be the most prominent. strength of the weld in kips per square inch. Upset Weld A stitch weld or Intermittent weld consists of a weld symbol (e. The depth of weld penetration is 5/8 inches and weld size is 3/4 inch. S. Nozzle weld and support pad weld are not covered in this weld map. Quick NavigationCommon Weld SymbolsElementary SymbolsComplementary SymbolsStructure of Welding Symbol1. Let’s break down the components of the stitch welding symbol: Arrow: The stitch welding symbol begins with an arrow, which points to the location where the stitch welds are to be applied. On one of the sheets that need to be welded the edge is smoothened by this arc. Tacked Lap. Last Last: Jan 31, 2023. (Image via weldingsuppliesfromioc. iv Foreword (This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/AWS A2. This term infers resistance seam welding. Weld symbols have been used for many years and are a simple way of communicating design office details to a number of different industrial shop floor personnel such as welders, supervisors, and inspectors. A spot weld is a weld made by arc spot or resistance spot welding where the welding process is not specified. SYMbOLS fOR WELDS can be found in the American Weld-ing Society publication Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive Examination (ANSI/AWS A2. Either a basic weld symbol or notations in the . reference line, 2. 9), dimensions and/or tail, used on technical drawings Note 1 to entry: See Clause 4. W.